汇报科技工作和撰写科技文章要求科技人员不断地学习和努力。P．1 科技传播中的职业机会有些人会发现自己的兴趣和特长在于科技交流，所以他们很可能将科技传播作为自己职业发展的领域。科技传播领域的职业机会越来越多，从而提供了一条有别于科学研究的道路。科技传播..
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汇报科技工作和撰写科技文章要求科技人员不断地学习和努力。
P．1 科技传播中的职业机会
有些人会发现自己的兴趣和特长在于科技交流，所以他们很可能将科技传播作为自己职业发展的领域。科技传播领域的职业机会越来越多，从而提供了一条有别于科学研究的道路。科技传播领域的工作有很多种，比如为科技同行撰写和编辑各类材料、为公众撰写科普读物等。
只要熟知自己所属的科研领域、该领域的社团与文化，就有可能为科学界同行写出很多有益的材料。事实上，科技传播领域有很多不同的职位：在一家大型期刊，科技交流职位包括评估投稿科学性的编辑，或专为新闻专栏服务的作家或编辑；在面向科技人员的杂志或业务通讯，可以做一名作家或编辑；在科技图书出版社，可以做一名组稿编辑，负责制定选题计划、培养作者、监督各类方案和投稿评估；在科技公司，可以写作或者编辑；身处大学、研究所或作为自由职业者，可以从事"作者编辑"(author's editor)的工作，与科技文章的作者密切合作并为他们修改投稿前的草稿。英语是科技交流的国际语言，社会需要大量具备良好英语写作技能的作者编辑。
此外，还可以选择为公众撰写各种类型的科普读物。比如，报纸、通讯、杂志或在线期刊等需要科技记者、作家或编辑，还可以在广播媒体中工作，可以写作科普图书，关注科学、技术、环境、医学等问题的政府机构或组织需要准备各种面向公众发布的材料，大学需要撰写新闻稿或为研究型杂志撰稿的人员，公司需要与媒体打交道、与公众沟通的科技人员，科学博物馆需要筹备展览及各类活动的人员，等等。
41．2 测试
科技领域里选择从事科技交流工作的人有很多共性。基于这一点，以下是一个非正式的小测试。尽管社会科学家可能会说这个小测试还未被系统地证实，但是其很大程度上还是反映了从事科技传播工作必备的品质和因素。
自己适合从事科技传播职业吗?如果想要知道答案，请先回答以下10个问题：
1．你喜欢科学课程和其他领域的课程吗?你是否曾经考虑 过主修英语专业或其他文学艺术专业?你是否辅修过这 些专业?
2．你热爱阅读吗?你是否喜欢编辑自己阅读过的材料?你 是否经常撰写不同主题的文章?
3．你喜欢文字游戏吗?比如，你喜欢玩字谜和拼字游戏吗?4．老师或者其他人表扬过你的写作能力吗?
5．在中学或大学的时候，你是否在校报或其他学生出版物中 担任过任何职位呢?如果没有，你是否考虑过在这些刊物 中担任一定职位呢?
6．你认为自己是一个科技通才吗?你是否更愿意了解自己 所属科研领域各方面的知识或科学领域各方面知识，而不 是专注于一个狭窄的研究领域?你是否更喜欢知道别人 在做什么，而不是专注于自己的研究工作?
7.你是否喜欢将科学技术放到一个大背景下来考虑?你是 否不仅对研究本身有兴趣，而且对研究结果的启发和应用 也很感兴趣?
8．在实验室的项目中，你是否经常负责撰写项目相关材料? 你是否喜欢这个任务?
9．别人是否经常请你修改他们撰写的材料?别人是否经常 在撰写材料时向你寻求帮助?
10．你是否觉得科技交流工作很有趣?撰写材料或编辑材料 是否是你愿意每天都做的事情?
如果你对上述大部分问题的回答都是"是"，科技交流的职业很可能适合你。如果在读完上述问题的时候你不由得叫起来，"那就是我啊!"--恭喜你．你完全适合科技交流这一职业。
41．3 职业准备
科技领域的一些人直接就找到了科技交流的相关工作。担任同行评议人或在期刊的编辑委员会任职，都能让科技人员有机会获得科技交流的职位。不过，对于有志于科技交流工作的人，特别是为那些有志于科普工作的人，参加一些正式培训很有必要。培训内容可涵盖科技新闻报道、学术出版、技术交流或其他相关知识。这些培训可能是学位课程、证书课程，或只是一门或几门课程。
有些机构会组织研讨会或提供简短的指导，以帮助科技人员培养从事科技交流工作所需的职业技巧。比如，the Counci］Of Sci．ence Editors在举办年会前将开办几个关于科技编辑的课程。同样，the American Medical Writers Association的年会也会举办一系列的教育研讨会，每场研讨会历时3小时。
阅读本身也能帮助有志于在科技交流领域发展的人士。希望从事学术性科技交流的科技人员，除了参考本书之外，还可以参考针对各个研究领域的写作图书(Ebel，Bliefert，and Russey，2004；：Huth，1999；Sternberg，2003；Zeiger，2000)，科学界普遍采用的写作风格指南，还有The Cpyeditor's Handbook(Einsohn，2000)等图书。由于这些书籍经常会定期再版，科技人员应该参考最新发行的版本。)有志于为公众撰写科普读物的人士，可以参考A Field Guide for ScienceWriters(Blum，Knudson，and Henig，2006)、Ideas into Words：Masterirurg theCraft of Science Writing (Hancock,2003)和Health Writer's Handbook(Gastel,2005)。
在科技交流领域见习或实习可以增强职业技巧，能让潜在雇主注意到自己，拓展职业机会。有些政府机构(如Argonne NationalIaboratory，National Cancer．Institute)、期刊(如Science,JAMA,New En-gland Journal of Medicine)和杂志(Science News，Scientific Anlel"ican)提供科技交流领域的实习机会。自20世纪70年代以来，thc AmericanAssociation for the．Advancement 0f Science通过．Mass．Media Science andEngineering Fellowship活动，在每个暑假安排科学和工程专业的学生在传媒行业实习。此外，一些没有正式的实习安排的出版机构有时也很愿意安置要求实习的人员；所以，如果很想去某一个组织做科技传播方面的实习，可以主动向那个组织查询。
41．4 进入科技传播领域并持续发展
怎样才可以找到科技传播领域的职业机会呢?可以查看张贴在期刊和网站上的招聘广告，还可以留意the Council of Science Edi-tors、the National Association of Science Writers和the American MedicalWriters Association等团体发布的职位信息。不管潜在雇主当前是否有空缺职位，都可以向潜在雇主自荐。总之，要通过多种方式与他人交往。
科技传播领域的人，就像从事科研工作的科技人员一样，要跟上科技的新发展和新动态。科技传播工作要求不断学习，紧跟科技进步；多读多听，能进一步帮助你补充和更新知识。有一些组织还能帮助你紧跟科技发展潮流和重大事件、获取实际指导意见，以及与其他业内人士建立和维护人际关系。这些组织除了前面提到过的那些组织之外，还包括出c European Association of Science Edi-tom，the World Association of Medical Editors，the Association of Earth Sci-ence Editors，and the Society of Environmental Journalists，the Associationof Health Care Journalists，the Society for Technical Communication，以及其他一般性的科技传播组织。应该阅读这些组织的出版刊物，参加这些组织的会议，并充分利用这些组织提供的服务(如电子邮件名单)。随着职业发展，也可以考虑为这些组织的教育活动提供帮助。有一天，你也能为刚步人科技传播工作领域的人提供帮助。
附录A 一些期刊名称的缩写
名称 缩写 名称 缩写
Abstracts Abstr． Astronomical Astron．
Academy Acad． Atomic At．
Acta NO abbrev． Australian Aust．
Advances Adv． Bacteriological Bacterio1．
Agricultural Agric． Bacteriology Bacterio1．
American Am． Bakteriologie Bakterio1．
Anales An． Berichte Ber．
Analytical Anal． Biochemical Biochem．
Anatomical Anat． Biochimica Biochim．
Annalen Ann． Biological Bio1．
Annales Ann． Biologie Biol.
Annals Ann． Botanical Bot．
Annual Annu． Botanisches Bot．
Anthropological Anthropo1． Botany Bot．
Antibiotic Antibiot British Br．
Antimicrobial Antimicrob． Bulletin Bull．
Applied Appl． Bureau Bur．
Arbeiten Arb． Canadian Can．
Archiv Arch． Cardiology Cardiol．
Archives Arch． Cell No abbrev
Archivio Arch． Cellular Cell．
Association Assoc． Central Cent．
名称 缩写 名称 缩写
Chemical Chem． Ergebnisse Ergeb．
Chcmie Chem． Ethnology Ethno1．
Chemistry Chem． European Eur．
Chemothe，apy Chemother． Excerpta No abbrev．
Chimie Chim． Experimental Exp．
ClinicaI Clin． Fauna No abbrev．
C0mmonweaIth Commw． Federal Fed．
CompteS C． Federation Fed．
C0nfebcnCe Conf． Fish No abbrev．
C0n'hibutions Contrib． Fisheries Fish．
Currenl Curr． Flora No abbrev．
Dairy No abbrev． Folia No abbrev．
Dental Dent． Food No abbrev．
Developmental Dev． Forest For．
Diseases Dis． Forschung Forsch．
Dru，C No abbrev． Fortschritte Fortschr．
Ecology Eco1． Freshwater No abbrev．
ECnOmics Econ． Gazette Gaz．
Edition Ed． General Gen．
EleCtriC Electr． Genetics Genet．
ElectriCal Electr． Geographical Geogr．
Engineeiog Eng． Geological Geo1．
Entomologia Entom01． Geologische Go01．
Entomologica Entom01． Gesel lschaft Ges．
Entomologiical Entom01． Helvetica Helv．
Environmental Environ． History Hist．
名称 缩写 名称 缩写
Immunity Immun． Neurology Neurol．
Immunology Immun01． Nuclear Nucl．
lndustrial lnd． Nutrition Nutr．Institute lnst． Obstetrical Obstet．
Intemal Intern． Official Off．
International Int． Organic Org．
Jahrbuch Jahrb． Paleontology Paleontol．
Jahresberichte Jahresber． Pathology Pathol．
Japan，Japanese Jpn． Pharmacology Pharmacol
Journa］ J． Philosophical Philos．
Laboratory Lab． Physical Phys．
Magazine Mag。 Physik Phys．
Material Mater． Physiology Physio1．
Mathematics Math． Pollution Pollut．
Mechanical Mech． Proceedings Proc．
Medical Med． Psychological Psychol．
Medicine Med． Publications Publ．
Methods No abbrev． Quarterly Q．
Microbiological Microbi01． Rendus R．
Microbiology Microbi01． Report Rep．
Monographs Monogr． Research Res．
Monthly Mon． Review Rev．
Morphology Morph01． Revista Rev．
National Natl． Revue Rev．
Natural Nat． Rivista Riv．
名称 缩写 名称 缩写
Scandinavian Scand． Therapeutics Ther．
Science Sci． Transactions Trans．
Scientific Sci． Tropical Trop．
Series Ser． United States U．S．
Service Serv． University Univ．
Society Soc． Untersuchung Unters.
Special Spec． Urological Urol．
Station Stn． Verhandlungen Verh．
Studies Stud． Veterinary Vet．
Surgery Surg． Virology Virol．
Survey Surv． Vitamin Vitam．
Symposia Symp． Wissenschaftliche Wiss．
Symposium Symp． Zeitschrift Z．
Systematic Syst。 Zentralblatt Zentralbl．
Technical Tech． Zoologie Zool．
Technik Tech． Zoology Zool．
Technology Technol．
注：这些缩写在很多期刊中的写法是未加句点的。
附录B 应避免使用的单词或句子
Sermons On brevity and chastity are about equally effective．Ve-bal promiscuity fl~,ws from poverty of language and obsUr ofthought，and from an unseemly haste to reach，print-a prema-ture ejaculation．oJ it were．
--Eli Chemin
应避免的 应优先使用的
a considerable amount of much
a considerable number of many
a decreased amount of less
a decreased number of fewer
a great deal of much
a majority of most
a Rumber of many，some
a smal］numbeof a feW
absolutely essential essential
accounted for by the fact because
adjacent to near，next to
along the lines of like
an adequate amount of enough
an example of this is the fact that for example
an order of magnitude faster lo times as fast
apprise inform
应避免的 应优先使用的
are of the same opinion agree
as a consequence of because
as a matter of fact in fact(or leave out)
as a result of because
as is the case as happens
as of this date today
as to about(or leave out)
at a rapid rate rapidly，fast
at an earlier date previously
at an early date soon
at no time never
at present now
at some future time later，sometime
at the conclusion of after
at the present time now
a(this point in time now
based on the fact that because
because of the fact that because
by means of by，with
causal factor cause
cognizant of aware of
completely full full
consensus of opinion consensus
considerable amount of much
contingent upon dependent on
count the number of count
应避免的 应优先使用的
definitely proved proved
despite the fact that although
due to the fact that because
during the course of during，while
during the time that while
effectuate cause
elucidate explain
employ use
enclosed herewith enclosed
end result result
endeavor try
entirely eliminate eliminate
eventuate happen
fabricate make
facilitate help
fatal outcome death
fellow colleague colleague
fewer in number fewer
finalize end
first of all first
following after
fox the purpose of for
for the reason that because
from the point of view of for
future plans plans
give an account of describe
应避免的 应优先使用的
give rise to cause
has been engaged in a study of has studied
has the capability of can
has the potential to can，may
have the appearance of look like，resemble
having regard to about
immune serum antiserum
impact(v．) affect
implement(V．) start．put into action
important essentials essentials
i．n a number of cases sometimes
i．n a position to able to
i．n a satisfactory manner satisfactorily
in a situation in which when
i'n a very real sense in a sense(or leave out)
m．almost all instances nearly always
in case if
i．n close proximity to close，near
i．n connection with about,concerning
i．n light of the fact that because
i．n many cases often
in most cases usually
i．n my opinion it is not an I thnk
unjustifiable assumption that
in only a small number of cases rarely
in order to to
in relation to toward,to
应避免的 应优先使用的
i．n respect to about
i．n some cases sometimes
i．n terms of about
i．n the absence of without
i．n the event that if
i．n the most effective manner most effectively
i．n the not．too-distant future soon
i．n the possession of has，have
i．n this day and age today
I．n view of the fact that because
inasmuch as for，as
mcline to the view think
initiate begin，start
I．S defined as is
iS desirous of wants
I．S detrimental to harms
I．S similar to resembles
i．t has been reported by Smith Smith reported
it has long been known that Ⅱhaven't bothered to look up
the reference
it is apparent that apparently，clearly
it is believed that Ⅱthink(or say who thinks)
it is clear that clearly
it is clear that much additional I don't understand it
work will be required before a
complete understanding
it is evident that a produced b a produced b
应避免的 应优先使用的
I．t is generally believed many think
i．t is my understanding that I undcrstand that
i't is of interest to note that (1eave 0ut)
i．t is often the case that often
i．t is suggested that I think
i．t is worth pointing out in this note that
context that
it may be that I think，perhaps
it may，however，be noted that but
it should be noted that note that(or 1eave out)
it was observed in the course of we observed
the experiments that
join together join
lacked the ability to could not
1arge in size large
lct me make one thing perfectly a snow job is coming
clear
majority of most
make reference to refer to
met with met
militate against prohibit
more often than not USUallv
needless to say (1eave out，and consider
leaving out what folio
new initiatives initiatives
no later than by
of an efficient nature effiCicnt
应避免的 应优先使用的
of great theoretical and practical useful
importance
of long standing old
0f the opinion that think that
on a daily basis dally
On account of because
on behalf of Ior
on no occasion never
on the basis of by
on the grounds that because
on the part of by，among，Ior
0n those occasions in which when
our attention has been called we belatedly discovered
to the fact that
0wing to the fact that because
perform do
place a major emphasis on stress．emphasize
pooled together pooled
presents a picture similar to resembles
previous to betore
prior to before
protein determinations were proteins were determined
performed
quantify measure
quite a large quantity of much
quite unique unique
rather interesting interesting
应避免的 应优先使用的
red in color red
referred to as called
regardless of the fact that even though
relative to about
resultant effect result
root cause cause
serious crisis crisis
should it prove the case that if
smaller in size smaller
SO as to to
suhject matter subject
subsequent to after
sufficient enough
take into consideration consider
terminate end
the fact of the matter is that (1eave out)
the field of chemistry chemistry
the great majority of most,almost all
the opinion is advanced that I think
the predominate number of most
the question as to whether whether
the reason is because because
the vast majority of most，almost all
there is reason to believe I think
they are the investigators who they
this result would seem to indicate the result indicates
应避免的 应优先使用的
through the use of by，with
to the fullest possible extent fully
transpire happen
ultimate last
unanimity of opinion agreement
until such time until
utilization use
utilize use
very unique unique
was of the opinion that believed
ways and means ways，means not bot
we have insufficient knowledge we do not know
we wish to thank we thank
what is the explanation of why
whether or not to whether to
with a view to to
with reference to about(orleave out)
with regard to concerning，about
(or leave out)
with respect to about
with the excepfion of except
with the result that So that
within the realm of possibility possible
附录C 国际单位制前缀及其缩写
术 语 表
Abstract．Brief synopsis of a paper，usually summarizing each major section of the paper．Different from a Summary，which is usually a summary of con- clusions．
Acknowledgments．The section of a paper(following the Discussion but pre.
ceding References)designed to thank individuals and organizations for the help，advice，or financial assistance they provided during the research and during the writing of the paper．
Acquisitions editor.An editor responsible for obtaining book manuscripts．Address．Identifies the author and supplies the author'S mailing address．Ad hoe reviewer．See Refetee．
Alphabet．number system．A system of literature citation in which references are arranged alphabetically in References or Literature Cited，numbered，and then cited by number in the text．A variation of the nanle and year system，Archival journal．This term is equivalent to"primary journal"and refers to a journal that publishes original research results．
Author．A person who actively contributed tO the design and execution of the experiments and who takes intellectual responsibility for the research results being reported．
Author'S editor．An editor who helps authors to improve manuscripts，pro． posals，or other documents before submission．May work for an institution or on a freelance basis．
Book review．An article describing and evaluating a book．
Camera．ready copy．Anything that is suitable for photographic reproduction in a book or journal without the need for typesetting．
Caption．See Legend．
Citation．order system．A system of referencing in which references are cited in numerical order as they appear in the text．Thus，the References section is in citation order，not in alphabetical order．
Compositor．One who sets type．Equivalent terms ale"typesetter"and"key． boarder．"
Conference report.A paper written for presentation at a conference． Most conference reports do not meet the definition of valid publication． A well-written conference report can and should be short；experimental dctail and literature citation should be kept to a minimum．
Conflict of interest．In science．a situation in which financial or other personal considerations may interfere with a researcher's objectivity in conducdng or reporting research．
Copyeditor．The title given to a person(either an employee of the publisher or a freelance contractor)whose responsibility it is to prepare manuscripts for publication by providing markup for the printer as well as any needed im- provements in spelling，grammar，and style． Also known as a manuscript editor．
Copyright．The exclusive legal right to reproduce，publish，and sell written intellectual property．
Council of Science Editors．An organization whose members are involved mainly with the editing and publishing of journals in the sciences．Formerly the Counci］of Biology Editors；www．CouncilScienceEditors．org．
Cropping．The marking of a photograph so as to indicate parts that need not appear in the published photograph，or the electronic removal of material at the edges of a photograph．As a Tesult，the essential material is"enlarged'' and highlighted．
CsE．Jce Council of Science Editors．
Curriculum vitae．A document listing information about one's education and career．Commonly known as a CV．
Cv．JCe Curriculum vitae．
Discussion．The hnal section of an IMRAD paper．Its purpose is to fit the results from the current study into the preexisting fabric of knowledge．Thc im．
portant points are expressed as conclusions．
Dual publication．Publication of the same data two(or more)times in primary journals．A clear violation of scientific ethics．
Editor．The title usually given to the person who decides what will(and will not)be published in a journal or in a multiauthor book．
Editorial．A brief article presenting opinion．
Edioitoral consultant．See Refefcc．
Fabrication．Inventing research findings rather than obtaining them experi- mentally．Clearly a maior ethical violation．
Festschrift。A volume of writings by different authors presented as a tribute or memorial to a particular individual．
Graph．Lines，bars，or other pictorial representations of data．Graphs are useful for showing the trends and directions of data。If exact values must be listed，a table is usually superior．
Hackneyed expression．An overused，stale。or trite expression．
Halftone。A photoengraving made from an image photographed through a
screen and then etched so that the details of the image are reproduced in dots．Hardcopy。~,rhen an old-fashioned manuscript on paper is provided via a word processor or computer．it is called"hardcopy．"
Harvard system．See Name and year system．
Impact factor．A basis for judging the prominence ofjouruals．A journal with a hgh impact factor(a measure of the average number of citations per article published，as determined by the Science Citation Index)is apparently used more than a iournal with a low impact factor．
DmAD。An acronym derived from Introduction，Methods，Results，and Dis- cussion，the organizational scheme of most modern scientific papers．Introduction．The first section of a11］MRAD paper．Its purpose is to state clearly the problem investigated and to provide the reader with relevant background information．
Jargon．Merriam．Webster's Collegiate Dictionary,11出Cd．，defines jargon as "a confused unintelligible language．"
Keyboarder．See Compositor．
Legeod。The title or name given to an illusffation，along with explanatory information about the illustration．Also called a"caption．"
Letter to the Editor．A letter intended for publication in a journal or else． where．
Literature Cited．The heading used by manyjournals to list references cited in an article．The headings"References"and(rarely)"Bibliography"are also used．Managing Editor．A title often given to the person who manages the business affairs of a journal．Typically，the managing editor is not involved with cditing(acceptance of manuscripts)．However，he or she may be responsible for copyediting(part of the production process)．
Manuscript Editor．See Copyeditor．
Markup for the Typesetter．Marks and symbols used by copyeditors and sometimes authors to transmit type specifications to the typesetter．Masthead statement．A statement by the publisher，usually given on the title page of the journal，giving ownership of the journal and a succinct statement describing the purpose and scope of the journal．
Maccrials and Methods．See Methods．
Methods．The second section of an IMRAD PaDer．Its purpose is to describe the experiment in such detail that a competent colleague could repeat the ex． riment and obtajn the same or equivalent results．
Monograph．A specialized，detailed book wriuen by specialists for other spe- cialists．
Name and year system.A system of referencing in which a reference is cited in the text by the last name of the author and the year of publication，e．g Smith(1990)．AIso known as the Harvard system．
News release．A wriRen announcement for journalists，for example regarding publication of a journal article．Structured much like a newspaper story．Also known as a press release．
Offprints．See Reprints．
Open access．Refers to scientific papers(or other writings)that are available free of charge on the Intemet to all who are interested．
Oral report．Similar in organization to a published paper，except that it lacks experimental detail and extensive literature citation．And，of course，it is spoken，not printed．
Peer review．Review of a manuscript by peers of the author(scientists working in the same area of specialization)．
Plagiarism．Presentation of someone else's words and ideas as one's own ra．
ther than crediting the source．
Poster．In science，a display board presenting research．
Press release．See News release．
Primary journal．A journal that publishes original research results．Primary publication．The first publication of original research results，in a form whereby peers of the author can repeat the experiments and test the conclusions，and in a journal or oCber source document readily availablc within the scientific community．
Printer．Historically，a device that prints or a person who prints．Often，how- ever，"printer"is used to mean the printing company and is used as shorthand for an of the occupations involved in the printing process．
Production editor．An editor who coordinates the editing of a book manuscript and other aspects of book production．
Proof．A copy of typeset material sent to authors，editors，or managing editors for correction of typographical errors．
Proofreaders'marks．A set of marks and symbols used to instruct the com． positor regarding errors on proofs．
Publisher.A person or organization handling the business activities concerned with publishing a book or journal.
Query.A question a copyeditor asks an author，for example about something In a manuscript that is unclear or inconsistent．
Query letter．A letter proposing a magazine article．
Referee．A person．usually a peer of the author，asked to examine a manuscript and advise the editor regarding publication．The term''reviewer''is used more frequently but perhaps with less exactness．Also sometimes called an "editorial consultant．"
Reprints．Separately printed journal articles supphed to authors(usually for a fCc)．Sometimes called"offprints．"Can be electronic．
Results．The third section of anⅡMRAD paper．Its purpose is to present the new information gained in the study being reported．
Reviewer．See Referee．
Review paper．A paper written to summarize and integrate previously pub- lished knowledge about a topic．Can be either an overview of a field or a critical，interpretive study of literature in the field．Also known as a review article．
Running head．A headline repeated on consecutive pages of a book or journal． The titles of articles in journals ale often shortened and used as running heads．Also called running headlines．
Science writing．A type of writing whose purpose is to communicate scientific knowledge to a wide audience including(usually)both scientists and non- scientists．
Scientific paper．A written and published report describing original research results．
Scientific writing．A type of writing whose purpose is to communicate"ew scientific findings to other scientists．
Society for Scholarly Publishing.An organization of scholars，editors，pub． 1ishers．1ibrarians，prinmrs，booksellers，and others engaged in scholarly publishing．
Summary．Usually a summary of conclusions，placed at the end of a paper． Different from an Abstract，which usually summarizes all major parts of a paper and which appears at the beginning of the paper(heading abstract)．Syntax． ne order of words within phrases，clauses，and sentences．
Table．Present．ion of(usually)numbers in columnar form．Tables are used when many determinations need be presented and the exact numbers have importance．If only"the shape of the data"is important.a graph is usually preferable．
Thesis．A manuscript demanded of an advanced-degree candidate；its purpose
is to prove that the candidate is capable of doing original research and writing about it.The term"dissertation"is essentially equivalent but should be re- served for a manuscript submitted for a doctorate．
Title．The fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of a paper，book，ix)ster,etc．
Typesetter．See Compositor．
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