无论你是要职称论文发表、还是要教育论文发表，在投稿的时候一定要搞清楚杂志的真伪，鉴于现在发表论文出现的供小于求的局面，很多杂志社只顾自己挣钱，完全不顾论文发表后作者是否能顺利评上职称，是否能顺利毕业，在各大论文发表网的推波助澜下，演绎了无数的问题刊物，增刊、一号双刊、副刊、假刊、论文集等等，广大作者在选择论文代发机构时一定要注意对作者利益的保障措施是否到位，永远别轻信他们的诚信口号。
材料与方法(Materials and Methods)
材料与方法是医学科研论文的基础部分。材料部分要说明实验、观察或调查的对象和研
究中所用的材料。若是实验研究论文，说明实验对象一般要包括实验动物的种类、数量、品系、性别、体重及来源等，进行研究所用的仪器、试剂、药品及其纯度、数量、来源(生产厂家或提供单位等)；若是临床医学论文，材料部分应说明病人的一般资料和选择标准，包括例数、性别、年龄(平均年龄，年龄范围)、病例来源、症状、体征、病期、病因、实验室检查、特殊检查、既往用药史、治疗史、分组情况、诊断标准及分型标准等；若是流行病学调查报告，材料部分要说明调查对象的人数、特征、所处的环境条件、调查时间、内容等。方法部分通常要说明实验、观察、研究、测试、调查的方法，数据和资料取得的过程和步骤。若是实验研究论文，应说明实验动物的饲养时间和条件、动物模型形成的方法、实验组与对照组分组方法、体内或体外实验方法、所用测试方法、记录方法、数据处理、统计方法等；若是临床医学论文，方法部分包括病人分组情况、诊断方法、用药方法、治疗、手术方法、疗效评定标准等；若是流行病学调查报告，应说明调查的方法、实验室技术、数据收集方法、统计学方法等。
材料与方法部分通常先写材料，后写方法，并在内容前使用标题引导。常用的标题是
“Materials and Methods”“Subjects and Methods”“Patients and Methods”等。在“材料与方
法”的写作中应注意下列问题：①为了使层次清楚，可列出若干小标题进行叙述。②研究中所用的材料与方法要叙述得具体、详细，以便他人能重复做此实验并得出与作者相同的结果。使用材料要注明牌号、来源等。③在叙述材料与方法中，如果用文字表达不甚清楚，则可适当采用图表形式。
例11-2-3
The Wisconsin Veterans Home，King，is a skilled nursing facility for veterans and their
spouses．It has 4 nursing buildings and a separate activity building for all residents．The 4
nursing buildings contained 13 nursing floors during the 1991—1992 influenza season．The fa-
cility subsequently operated 14 floors following the construction of a new building and the
closure of a building．The average daily census was 680 in 1991-1992，690 in 1993-1994，and
718 in 1994-1995(Table 1)．During the 1991-1992，1993-1994，and 1994-1995 influenza sea-
sons，860A，89％，and 86％of all residents and 34％，46％，and 41％of nursing staff，re-
spectively，were vaccinated with the commercially available trivalent influenza virus vaccine
(Fluzone，Connaught Laboratories Inc，Swiftwater，Pa)。
A prospective influenza surveillance and culturing program was maintained as part of a
study sponsored by the National Institutes of Health that was designed to compare the effec-
tiveness of 2 protocols for administering amantadine hydrochloride or rimantadine hydrochlo-
ride chemoprophylaxis in nursing homes．Participants were clinically assessed twice each
week by study nurses．Surveillance nurses visited 259 study participants in 1991-1992，396
participants in 1993-1994，and 400 participants in 1994-1995 to identify new respiratory tract
symptoms．Nursing staff who provided routine care also alerted surveillance nurses to new
respiratory tract symptoms in all residents，including those not in the study．Using polyester
(Dacron) fiber swabs’ nasopharyngeal and throat specimens were obtained from all consen-
ting symptomatic residents．A resident with a new respiratory illness was not required to
have a temperature elevation for specimens to be taken．Swabs were placed in individual tubes
containing virus transport media(veal broth with gentamicin sulfate，penicillin G sodium，
streptomycin sulfate．and amphotericin B)and cooled to 4 C within l hour．Specimens were
sent to the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene，Madison，and cultures started within 30
hours of acquiring the specimen。A”case”is defined as an incident of a respiratory tract ill-
ness in which the pathogen was culture-confirmed to be influenza A virus。
On culture confirmation of influenza A from a person working or living in the facility’
we recommended that physicians treat any resident with respiratory tract symptoms identi-
fled within 48 hours of the onset with amantadine or rimantadine for 5 days．Antiviral therapy
was discouraged if a resident had a new respiratory tract illness for longer than 48 hours。
Nursing units were stratified according to the average level of nursing care(skilled nurs-
ing facility vs intermediate care facility 1)．The surveillance nurses were unaware of the ran—
domization of a nursing unit until an outbreak was declared on that unit．A nursing unit in—
cluded residents residing on a given floor of a building within the facility．The criterion for an
influenza outbreak on a floor was met when 10％ of the residents were documented to have
the onset of a respiratory tract symptom within 7 days after influenza A virus had been cul—
tured in a resident of the building．Often’these newly symptomatic residents were afe—
brile．With the declaration of an outbreak’the study participants living on that floor were
randomly assigned as a group to long-or short-term chemoprophylaxis．The short-term group
received chemoprophylaxis for a minimum of 14 days and，until there was no new onset of
culture-confirmed illness in the building，for 7 days．The long-term group received chemopro-
phylaxis for a minimum of 21 days and，until there was no new onset of culture-confirmed ill-
ness in the entire 4-building facility，for 7 days．The standard of care for this facility was to
treat the residents not enrolled in the study for nearly the same duration as the short-term
group in 1991-1992(average，15 days)，exactly the same duration in 1993-1994，and for a
shorter duration(average’13 days)in 1994-1995．Data from residents not enrolled in the for-
mal study are also included in this report．The institution and termination of chemoprophylac-
tic treatment were managed for study participants by the authors according to the protocols．
Amantadine was administered in 1991-1992 and 1993—1994；rimantadine was adminis-
tered in 1994—1995。All residents received an initial amantadine hydrochloride dose of 100
mg．The dose was subsequently reduced for elevated serum creatinine levels，as calculated by
the Cockroft and Gault formula，and was given in the morning as i00 mg／d(estimated creat-
inine clearance，>0．50 ml／s[>30 ml／min])，every other day(estimated creatinine clear-
ance，0．27～0．50 ml／s ［16～30 ml／min])，or every fourth day(estimated creatinine clear-
ance，<0．25 ml／s［<15 ml／min])．In 1994-1995，rimantadine hydrochloride was adminis-
tered at a daily dose of 100 mg.
Amantadine chemoprophylaxis was withheld from residents who had a previous respira-
tory tract infection since the date of onset of the first culture-proven viral illness within the
building(possibly influenza A virus)；residents who refused；those who were receiving on-
going amantadine treatment of a neurologic condition；and residents who had significant agi-
tation，seizure disorder，or an unsteady gait．Rimantadine chemoprophylaxis was withheld
because of the first 3 contraindications．The staff registered nurse had the discretion to dis-
continue chemoprophylaxis if new adverse clinical events were suspected to be drug effects．
During an outbreak，measures were taken to 1imit transmission．Residents with a new
respiratory illness ate their meals in the hallway adjacent to the entrance of their room and
were asked to remain in their rooms and wear a mask if they left their room。The last 2 rec-
ommendations were encouraged but could not be mandated．Staff caring for symptomatic resi—
dents were encouraged to wear masks and wash their hands frequently．Notices were placed
at au building entrances requesting that community members with respiratory symptoms
postpone their visit．
(引自：Duration of Antiviral Prophylaxis During Nursing Home Outbreaks of Influenza
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